{"id":94,"date":"2013-11-04T07:43:55","date_gmt":"2013-11-04T05:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ueflibrary.wordpress.com\/?p=94"},"modified":"2026-02-05T12:43:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T10:43:34","slug":"frequently-asked-questions-2-truncation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.uef.fi\/ueflibrary\/frequently-asked-questions-2-truncation\/","title":{"rendered":"Frequently asked questions 2 &#8211; Truncation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Questions about truncating search terms when searching databases:<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Why is it necessary to truncate search terms?<\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">How should I truncate my term?<\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">What truncation mark should be used?<\/bdo><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">You do not always have to truncate your search terms but&#8230;<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">robots (search engines) only search for <strong>character strings<\/strong>, not for&nbsp;<strong>meanings<\/strong><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">most terms have singular and plural forms, and also genetives<\/bdo><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Examples:<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">truncated <em>patient*<\/em> retrieves all these:<em> patient, patients, patient&#8217;s<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">not truncated <em>patient<\/em> retrieves only <em>patient<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">truncated child* retrieves child, children, child&#8217;s children&#8217;s<\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">not truncated child retrieves only child<\/bdo><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Different databases use different <strong>truncation marks<\/strong>. The most common are <strong>asterisk\u00a0<\/strong>* and <strong>question mark<\/strong> ?. Check the database&#8217;s manual\/FAQ if * does not seem to work. In <strong>PubMed<\/strong>, <strong>Cochrane Library<\/strong> and <strong>Scopus\u00a0<\/strong>truncate\u00a0using\u00a0*. In <strong>Josku\u00a0<\/strong>truncate using ?.<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.uef.fi\/ueflibrary\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2013\/11\/trunc.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"257\" height=\"107\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.uef.fi\/ueflibrary\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2013\/11\/trunc.jpg\" alt=\"truncation marks\" class=\"wp-image-106\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">There are also <strong>irregular plurals<\/strong> so that the singular and plural forms are&nbsp;different in a way that truncation does not work.<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">For example:<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>foot\/feet<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>mouse\/mice<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>tooth\/teeth <\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>woman\/women<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">In some databases it is possible to use so called <strong>wild cards<\/strong> and search for e.g.&nbsp;<em>wom*n<\/em>, but in many databases you have to search singular and plural combined with OR.<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">For example:<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>foot <\/em>OR <em>feet <\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>mouse <\/em>OR <em>mice<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>tooth <\/em>OR <em>teeth <\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>woman <\/em>OR <em>women<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">There are also irregular plurals that can be search by truncating.<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">For example:<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>criteri*<\/em> retrieves singular <em>criterion<\/em> and plural <em>criteria<\/em><\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>nucle<\/em>* retrieves singular <em>nucleus<\/em> and plural <em>nuclei<\/em> (and also <em>nuclear, nucleic, nucleoid, nucleon<\/em>&#8230;)<\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>analys<\/em>* retrieves singular <em>analysis<\/em> and plural <em>analyses<\/em> (and also <em>analys and<\/em> and <em>analyst<\/em>)<\/bdo><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><em>phenomen<\/em>* retrieves singular <em>phenomenon<\/em> and plural <em>phenomena<\/em> (and also e.g.&nbsp;<em>phenomenology<\/em>)<\/bdo><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Watch a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hpfVJM1LKpU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video in YouTube<\/a>&nbsp;about truncation.<\/bdo><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By:<em> Tuulevi Ovaska, <bdo lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Head of Services, Kuopio University Hospital Medical Library, University of Eastern Finland Library<\/bdo><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Questions about truncating search terms when searching databases: You do not always have to truncate your search terms but&#8230; Examples: Different databases use different truncation marks. The most common are asterisk\u00a0* and question mark ?. Check the database&#8217;s manual\/FAQ if * does not seem to work. In PubMed, Cochrane Library and Scopus\u00a0truncate\u00a0using\u00a0*. In Josku\u00a0truncate using [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[232,265,266,300],"class_list":["post-94","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-terveystieteet","tag-plural","tag-search-terms","tag-searching","tag-truncation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Frequently asked questions 2 - Truncation | UEF Library<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.uef.fi\/ueflibrary\/frequently-asked-questions-2-truncation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fi_FI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Frequently asked questions 2 - Truncation | UEF Library\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Questions about truncating search terms when searching databases: You do not always have to truncate your search terms but&#8230; Examples: Different databases use different truncation marks. 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